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- TECHNOLOGY, Page 79Putting the Finger on Security
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- Biometrics could make keys and combination locks obsolete
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- By Cristina Garcia
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- In the new, updated version of the TV show Mission:
- Impossible, special agent Jim Phelps no longer gets his
- top-secret instructions by merely opening an envelope and
- listening to a tape recorder. These days Phelps puts his right
- thumb on the special pad of a black box that, after reading his
- thumbprint, promptly pops open and gives a laser-disc video
- presentation of his next assignment. No one but Phelps can open
- the box because no one else has his thumbprint.
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- Think this is only the stuff of fictional covert
- operatives? Think again, and welcome to the new world of
- biometric security. It is a world in which traditional keys and
- combination locks could eventually become obsolete.
- Increasingly, access to buildings, rooms and vaults will be
- controlled by computerized machines that can recognize personal
- characteristics of people seeking entrance: fingerprints,
- blood-vessel arrangements in the eye's retina, voice patterns,
- even typing rhythms. These biometric machines have special
- sensors that pick up the characteristics, convert them into
- digital code and compare them with data stored in the computer's
- memory bank. Unless the information matches up with the
- characteristics of authorized persons, entrance is denied.
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- The main attraction of such a system is that it is
- virtually foolproof. Keys can be copied, combination locks
- cracked, and the computerized cards used to open doors in fancy
- hotels can be stolen. But no one can steal or copy a
- fingerprint. Another advantage: people who use biometric locks
- no longer have to worry about forgetting their keys.
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- About 20 U.S. companies, mostly young and small, are
- manufacturing biometric systems. Major customers include such
- security-conscious institutions as the military, nuclear
- plants, research labs and banks. The ultimate success of
- biometrics, however, will depend on broad business and consumer
- acceptance. Proponents hope the technology will someday be
- standard in companies, stores and homes.
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- The most common biometric security system so far is the
- fingerprint scanner. In Japan a developer is installing the
- devices in 360 luxury homes as a security selling point. A
- health spa in Denver employs a print scanner to keep track of
- how often its members use the facilities. MAPCO Inc. of Tulsa
- relies on a system from Identix, based in Sunnyvale, Calif., to
- ensure that only authorized truck drivers are allowed to
- transport loads of dangerous gases.
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- In an unusual application, Orion Re-Entry, California's
- largest privately owned halfway house for prisoners trying to
- move back into society, uses a fingerprint scanner to monitor
- the comings and goings of its residents. Before heading off for
- weekend furloughs or checking in from work, residents press
- their right forefingers against the machine. "It's much more
- expedient than the body checks we had in prison," says a
- resident. For the facility's manager, Bari Caine, the system is
- an excellent way to keep track of 84 residents and a
- high-turnover staff. "We can't always expect every staff member
- to know every resident's face," she says.
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- Biometric eye scanners are in use in many high-security
- settings. One model, manufactured by EyeDentify of Beaverton,
- Ore., works by directing a low-intensity infrared light through
- the pupil to the back of the eye. Within two seconds the retinal
- pattern, viewed by a camera, is compared with data in stored
- records. At American Airlines' underground computer center in
- Tulsa, a dozen eye scanners screen the retinal patterns of 500
- employees. "People were afraid of it at first," says Hani Rabi,
- an engineering manager for the airline. "But now they feel very
- comfortable with the security it affords."
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- Another biometric technique, voice verification, works by
- creating a digital picture of an individual's vocal tract. Bad
- colds or even Rich Little can not trip up the device, since it
- recognizes the physiological characteristics that produce
- speech, not sound or pronunciation. Using this device is as easy
- as saying "Open sesame." Such major corporations as Hertz and
- Martin Marietta rely on the technology to protect their computer
- systems, and these user-friendly voice analyzers could be
- especially attractive to homeowners and small businesses.
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- One limit on the spread of biometrics has been the high
- price -- typically $3,000 or more for a security-access system.
- But as with many other electronic gadgets, the cost could come
- down rapidly. Ecco Industries of Danvers, Mass., hopes to market
- a $300 voice-recognition security device for consumers next
- year. Within a few years, biometric security systems may be
- incorporated into automated-teller machines and employed at
- checkout counters to verify that a person is not using a stolen
- credit card. "In time," predicts Joseph Freeman, head of a
- security market-research and consulting firm in Newtown, Conn.,
- "you'll be able to touch a spot on your steering wheel and start
- your car."
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